1、地面標志

1. Ground signs

在地面相應位置上進行標記，埋設標志、標志磚、標志貼等。這種方式直觀易找，但受地面環境限制，如在快速路上很難設置。遇道路維修或拆遷等情況，還會大量丟失標志。現階段地面標記物均采用以上標志。

Mark the corresponding positions on the ground, bury signs, sign bricks, sign stickers, etc. This method is intuitive and easy to find, but it is limited by the ground environment, such as being difficult to set up on expressways. In case of road maintenance or demolition, a large number of signs will also be lost. At present, all ground markers use the above markings.

2、設備探測

2. Equipment detection

一旦地面標志丟失，就只好使用設備進行地下管道探測。對于金屬管材，一般用金屬探管儀一種將電信號施加在管道上，然后追蹤電信號走向的設備)進行路由定位。這種設備在地下管線少、無強磁、強電的地方效果較好，但對于管道密集的區域(如庭院)或導電性差的管道(如E球墨鑄鐵管)，探測效率會大打折扣。PE管根本不導電，因此無法采用此項技術。我們也試用了其他設備，如地磁成像儀、地下空腔探測儀等，但在霸州公司未進行實際應用，效果暫時無法確定。除此之外，據了解目前市場上還沒有一種設備能在探測PE管時達到理想效果。

Once the ground signs are lost, equipment can only be used for underground pipeline detection. For metal pipes, a metal probe is generally used for routing and positioning, which is a device that applies electrical signals to the pipeline and then tracks the direction of the electrical signals. This type of equipment works well in areas with few underground pipelines, no strong magnetism, and strong electricity, but for areas with dense pipelines (such as courtyards) or pipelines with poor conductivity (such as E-ductile iron pipes), the detection efficiency will be greatly reduced. PE pipes are not conductive at all, so this technology cannot be used. We have also tried other devices, such as geomagnetic imagers and underground cavity detectors, but they have not been practically applied in Bazhou Company, and the effect cannot be determined temporarily. In addition, it is understood that there is currently no device on the market that can achieve ideal results in detecting PE pipes.

3、金屬薄膜示蹤帶

3. Metal thin film tracer band

在燃氣PE管道上方敷設金屬薄膜示蹤帶，然后用探管儀進行探測。示蹤帶中的金屬薄膜具有導電性，理論上可以體現出金屬管的特性，但實際上由于金屬薄膜的截面積太小，導電性不好，受周圍金屬管道干擾大，致使探測效果非常差，只有在干擾小且距離地面很近的地方才能被探測到。而且輻射過程中，每100米需進行一次連接，如連接不當，在后期使用過程中因土壤沉降會導致示蹤帶斷裂，進而無法檢測。

Lay a metal film tracer tape above the gas PE pipeline, and then use a pipe detector for detection. The metal film in the tracer band has conductivity, which theoretically reflects the characteristics of the metal tube. However, in reality, due to the small cross-sectional area of the metal film, its conductivity is poor, and it is greatly affected by the interference of surrounding metal pipes, resulting in very poor detection effect. It can only be detected in areas with small interference and close to the ground. Moreover, during the radiation process, a connection needs to be made every 100 meters. If the connection is improper, the tracer band may break due to soil settlement during later use, making it impossible to detect.

4、金屬示蹤線

4. Metal tracer line

為提高示蹤物體的導電性，我們曾使用金屬示蹤線來替代金屬薄膜示蹤帶。由于示蹤線的挨線芯是銅，且具有一定的截面積，因此導電性明顯好于薄膜示蹤帶，尤其在剛埋下去的時候，探測效果較好。但隨著時間延長，示蹤線暴露出很大問題。a.示蹤線一旦有斷點，如施工時被挖斷自然銹蝕、連接時沒接牢等，從斷點往后就無法被探測到。b.相對于其他地下管道或線線路，示蹤線的導電性沒有它們好，因此造成探測信號過于微弱，以于混淆管道位置。而且抗拉性能差，在定向鉆穿越中無法敷設。

To improve the conductivity of tracer objects, we have used metal tracer lines instead of metal thin film tracer bands. Due to the copper core of the tracer wire and its certain cross-sectional area, its conductivity is significantly better than that of the thin film tracer tape, especially when it is just buried, the detection effect is better. But as time goes on, the tracer line exposes significant issues. a. Once there is a breakpoint in the tracer line, such as natural corrosion caused by excavation during construction, or loose connection during connection, it cannot be detected from the breakpoint onwards. b. Compared to other underground pipelines or lines, the conductivity of tracer lines is not as good as theirs, resulting in weak detection signals and confusing the position of pipelines. And the tensile performance is poor, making it impossible to lay in directional drilling crossing.

5、廢舊通信光纜

5. Waste communication optical cables

鑒于金屬示蹤線的缺點，廢舊通信光纜可以較好地該問題。通信光纜是由若干根〈芯〉光纖(一般從幾芯到幾千芯〉構成的纜心和外護層所組成。光纜中有加強構件去承受外界的機械負荷，以保護光纖免受各種外機械力的影響，從而**了光纜的耐久性。尤其在定向鉆穿越施工中，光纜的強負荷力可以*完整的敷設。在300500米間隔處，埋設檢測樁，將光纜引檢測樁內，方便日后檢測定位。光纜的缺點是導電性能低于金屬示蹤線，受干擾的區域檢測效果較差。

Given the drawbacks of metal tracer lines, waste communication optical cables can effectively solve this problem. Communication optical cable is composed of a core and an outer protective layer composed of several to several thousand core optical fibers. There are reinforced components in the optical cable to withstand external mechanical loads, protecting the optical cable from various external mechanical forces, thereby improving its durability. Especially in directional drilling and crossing construction, the strong load force of the optical cable can be fully laid. Detection piles are buried at intervals of 300 to 500 meters, and the optical cable is led into the detection pile for convenient future detection and positioning. The disadvantage of optical cables is that their conductivity is lower than that of metal tracing lines, and the detection effect in disturbed areas is poor.

6、地下管道電子標志系統

6. Underground pipeline electronic marking system

電子標志系統(ElectronicoMark System).早起源于美國，由3m公司為公共設施應用而開發，嚴格遵循美國公共勞動協會(APWA)制定的地下設施標志的規范，用于對現場設施的定位。其工作原理是將電子標志器埋設于管道上方，每個電子標志器內都存有一個..的識別代碼，如同每個人的身份證號碼一樣。電子標志器內可以自定義儲存管道的重要信息，如相對位置、埋深、管徑、管材、管道壓力、敷設日期等。在地面上使用定位設備(探測儀)定位電子標志器的位置，并讀取儲存信息。

The ElectronicMark System originated in the United States and was developed by 3m Company for public facility applications. It strictly follows the specifications for underground facility signage established by the American Association of Public Workers (APWA) and is used to locate on-site facilities. Its working principle is to bury electronic markers above pipelines, and each electronic marker contains a The identification code of is the same as the ID number of each person. The electronic marker can customize and store important information about pipelines, such as relative position, burial depth, pipe diameter, pipe material, pipeline pressure, laying date, etc. Use positioning devices (detectors) on the ground to locate the position of electronic markers and read stored information.